Vertical root fractures are one of the most challenging dental trauma cases, particularly in premolars, due to their structural vulnerability. These fractures, which run along the length of the tooth, can compromise the integrity of the root and surrounding tissues. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to preserve functionality and prevent further complications. What Are Vertical Root Fractures? A vertical root fracture (VRF) is a longitudinal crack originating from the root and extending toward the crown. It can result from: Excessive occlusal forces. Previous root canal treatments. Weakened tooth structure due to extensive restorations. These fractures often go unnoticed initially,…